lunes, 25 de mayo de 2009

El discreto viaje del profesor Franco


Es verdad, nunca fue mi profesor, aunque yo cursé dos semestres en el Pedagógico antes de que la nostalgia por un amor perdido me hiciera salir en volandas de Maracay. Es verdad que no fue mi mentor, sólo porque soy un poquito más viejo que ustedes, y porque en Caracas –aterrado de los fantasmas de Maracay que me perseguían en las noches bohemias de de Sabana Grande- otros como Oswaldo Trejo y Alberto Guaura asumieron con estoicismo esa loca y apostólica tarea de ayudar a labrar esta tosca alma mía a partir de la palabra escrita, a ver si corrigiendo la verba corregían el ánima, como si entre ambas categorías existiese una secreta ley de equivalencia. Todo eso es verdad, pero fue un simple accidente generacional. Igual Franco era gentil con todos nosotros cuando nos juntábamos en la puerta del Ateneo a conversar sobre Fellini o cuando finalmente aceptaba el ritual colectivo de las birras helodias en medio de aquella canícula que parecía no tener fin. No lo recuerdo fuera de sus cabales, como decía Alberto, no lo recuerdo despotricando de nadie, como podíamos hacer nosotros cual si fuésemos furias literarias. Sólo se me viene a la mano la palabra decoro para describir a Franco. Era un caballero algo solitario, discreto, que dedicó su vida a los libros como en el fondo hubiéramos querido todos hacer, aunque no tuvimos el coraje suficiente y luego tantos desvíos egoístas y materiales nos han retorcido entre breñas y callejuelas periféricas apartándonos a veces de nuestro más grande amor que siempre han sido los libros, valga la redundancia. Tuvo entonces Franco el valor y la sabiduría de admitir que sólo podía vivir para los libros, por los libros, en los libros y de los libros, y así se evitó tanto extravío que a nosotros –al menos yo lo reconozco en mi caso- nos han enceguecido temporalmente, largamente, por breves instantes, eso varía, y nos han apartado de nuestra misión ejemplar, que es seguir la vieja labor de los escribas, de los copista, no importa que ahora en vez de papiro o pergamino usemos un teclado, y que la soledad de las altas bóvedas monacales haya sido sustituida por la soledad ante la computadora, viajando en las noches por un nuevo y extraño mundo poblado de las sombras de otros viajeros simultáneos a nosotros en todo el orbe, hasta que el alba nos regresa a los deberes esos que nuevamente nos distraen de nuestra ejemplar labor.
Franco se ha ideo con la discreción y el decoro que le caracterizaron. No sé cómo viajar en las noches para saludar al profesor Franco doquiera que esté. Sé que llegará una noche en que deberé emprender el mismo viaje. Ojalá mis amigos me recuerden con el mismo fervor con que hoy le recordamos.
Oscar Reyes Matute, en Caracas el 24 de Mayo de 2009

miércoles, 13 de mayo de 2009

La economía política, estúpido, la economía política


Oscar Reyes

I.- Una de las características más acentuadas de la antroposociología del venezolano son nuestros altos niveles de desconfianza, que dificultan arduamente cualquier organización más allá de los fueros familiares, cualquier tentativa que vaya pos de proyectos públicos de interés para todos. Creo que de allí se deriva el atavismo de que rara vez aceptamos literalmente las palabras de los políticos o de quien sea. Nuestro esfuerzo no se concentra en tratar de entender las implicaciones de lo que el sujeto ‘x’ nos está diciendo, sino tratando de descubrir la perversa intencionalidad con la cual nos lo dice. A saber, todo lo que diga quien sea es mentira, tomarlo en serio es de tontos, el vivo siempre debe buscar la trampa que nos están montando, cómo es que están tratando de guisarnos o de apoderarse del botín detrás de esa fachada discursiva. Cuando uno les pregunta por qué hacen eso te miran con una sonrisita y con desprecio intelectual te sueltan cosas como “realpolitik, imbécil, ¿o es que tú no te has leído a Maquiavelo?”

Enfocarse prima facie en lo que alguien dice no significa creer que todo el mundo es altruista o que no existen los pájaros bravos y los aspirantes a dictador. Lo que ocurre es que si apenas alguien empieza a hablar yo arranco a buscar cómo es que está tratando de sacarme la cartera en realidad lo que estoy analizando son mis prejuicios y no el discurso del sujeto ‘x’. Eso genera un doble o triple esfuerzo de análisis, que conlleva al resultado de que nunca voy a entender lo que ‘x’ quiso decirme. Tal vez el sujeto ‘x’ quería montarme en la olla, o tal vez estaba de verdad proponiendo algo interesante y útil: pero jamás lo sabré.

Este camino de análisis es poco fructuoso a la hora de defenderme: tal vez sería más sensato tomarse en serio lo que ‘x’ dice y luego contrastarlo con la realidad, a ver qué aspectos del discurso son ciertos y cuáles son poco creíbles. Eso me permitiría tener clara noción de los peligros que ‘x’ encierra si fuera un pájaro bravo (lo cual es bueno para mi seguridad) pero también deja la puerta abierta para potenciales asociaciones en torno a proyectos de cualquier índole en caso de que ‘x’ no resulte ser un carterista. Esto lo llaman ‘el beneficio de la duda’ y está consagrado en las constituciones democráticas bajo la fórmula ‘toda persona se presume inocente hasta que se demuestre lo contrario’. Dije inocente, no necesariamente una buena persona, aunque teóricamente podríamos extender el argumento hasta la categoría bondad.

Un contexto como el anterior puede conducir, si se lleva ad nauseam, a una sociedad donde nadie oye a nadie, donde nadie se arriesga con nadie, donde todos rechazan a todos desde un principio, donde para toda actividad de la vida nos refugiamos en la familia y en los panas cercanos, porque más allá de la verja de mi casa todos son ‘ellos’ y nunca ‘nosotros’. La falta de costumbre de asociación –que empieza por oír al otro a ver qué dice- hace que muchos de estos sujetos pierdan tal capacidad, al punto que se hacen daltónicos a la asociación provechosa, dejan pasar por alto oportunidades fabulosas y, trágicamente, cuando por fin confían los engaña un falso jeque, alguien que los convence de meter los reales en el Stanford Bank o terminan eligiendo a su futuro verdugo en un cargo de representación popular. A la larga, estos pajaritos desconfiados son más fáciles de engañar que las personas que dan el beneficio de la duda, porque en el segundo caso la carga de la prueba recae sobre el sujeto ‘x’, quien debe demostrar que hace lo que promete. Eso sí, las personas que dan el beneficio de la duda pueden ser inflexibles cuando descubren que les mienten, y allí se acaba el negocio. El pájaro desconfiado puede incluso descubrir indicios de guiso en la conducta del sujeto ‘x’ después que le ha entregado los reales, pero ya será muy tarde, porque el orgullo le hará decir: ‘No, eso no pueden ser cierto, yo soy un pájaro bravo, a mí nadie me tracalea’. Esa es la táctica de todos los estafadores: fue la táctica de Maduff, de Stanford, del falso jeque aquel que esquilmó a decenas de pájaros bravos del jet set caraqueño hace unos veinte años. El vivo termina como la tipa aquella que está divina y que por eso desconfía de todos los hombres, que no le da nada a nadie, y que al final termina empatada con César Augusto, el peor de todos, el que le monta cachos, la trata como a una cachifa, se la vacila y le arruina la vida.

El desconfiado crónico termina votando para la presidencia por uno igual de engañador que él (o peor), y luego se queja. Pero: ¿por qué no confiaste en la democracia? ¿Tenías miedo de aparecer como un bobo? ¿Quién te mandó a andar aventurando en pos de una gorra militar? ¿Qué sabes tú de dictaduras, de regímenes políticos, como para andar aleccionando a quienes alarmados te decían ‘¡Chamo, los militares pal cuartel!’? Y aquella vez igual la risita, “Je, je, no entiendes nada imbécil, es realpolitik, vamos salvar la patria de los pusilánimes como tú. Aquí lo que hace falta es mano dura”. Uno piensa que la mano dura es buena, siempre que la descarguen sobre otros cuerpos, dado que la culpa de lo que pasa en el país o de que yo no sea millonario nunca tiene que ver conmigo, siempre es de otros, a los que hay que castigar (y a ver si finalmente me hago rico en el gobierno castigando la corrupción, de paso): pero apenas la mano dura se vuelve contra nuestros intereses “allí sí que la vaina cambea, camarita” como diría mi paisano Manuel Bermúdez con llanerísima facundia.

Yo arranco por tomar literalmente lo que todo político dice porque soy burda de flojo como para, de entrada, a cada rato y con cualquier rabo e’ cabuya, desplegar las fuerzas de defensa dialécticas (dialectic task forces), que en mi caso incluyen portaaviones Rorty, submarinos Maquiavelo, aviones de despegue vertical Isaiah Berlin, helicópteros Carlos Rangel y algunos vetustos anfibios de desembarque Vallenilla Lanz. Adicionalmente, en la Simón Bolívar me influenció una materia llamada Análisis del Discurso (I y II) que te dice eso: Analiza el discurso del sujeto político, imbécil, para tener un punto de partida empírico, para saber si los pelos del burro son castaños: si el burro muerde o patea eso lo averiguas después, primero tienes que averiguar si es burro viejo, mulo o pollino.

II.- Recurramos nuevamente al artilugio de la ‘mostración’: imagine usted un sujeto político ‘x’ que dice: “Voy a establecer en Venezuela el socialismo.”. Vas a ver al viejo pájaro bravo que votó por ‘x’, ahora transfigurado en analista político y opositor acérrimo (que sueña con un subsidio del NED) en un canal de televisión amenazado de cierre con un moderador que lo azuza para que pierda toda moderación y ladre (¡cuje, perro! es la interjección empleada en el llano). El tipo se arrellana en la butaca, se queda pensativo unos 5 segundos, se toca la barbilla con gravedad y suelta el fruto de sus sesudos análisis.

-En Venezuela estamos viviendo un totalitarismo…

Al tipo le mandan mensajes de texto elogiando sus cojones y su claridad, ciertas viejitas de Altamira luego de años de sequía finalmente lubrican, y las muchachas con mamoplastia y bótox de mi artículo del 14 de septiembre de 2008 repiten su grito de guerra ¡Hazme un hijo!

Uno se tropieza al tipo en una tasca el día que va a ver lanzar a Johan Santana y trata de hacerse el bolsa, pero el pájaro bravo es incansable:

-¡Oscar Reyes, criptochavista!

Qué vaina, y yo que no quería darle nombre al sujeto ‘x’, quería dejarlo como las variables indefinidas del álgebra para resolver ecuaciones de segundo grado, pero el pájaro bravo siempre me saca de quicio, esa es una de sus grandes virtudes.

De colega a colega (imaginemos que el tipo hizo el mismo postgrado en Ciencia Política y que no debe la tesis como yo) uno le dice:

-Pana no confundamos a la gente, Venezuela no vive un régimen totalitario, léete otra vez a Hannah Arendt en Los Orígenes del Totalitarismo y verás que la diferencia de grados es abismal. Si tú detectas actitudes autoritarias, que las hay, descríbelas, analízalas, y ayuda a la gente a entender lo que pasa, te lo agradecerán. Pero sobre todo analiza el discurso de economía política sobre el supuesto socialismo y los nuevos modos de producción y ayúdanos a proponer alternativas.

Como al tipo no le interesa entender lo que le digo me mira con sorna y dice:

-¿Qué te tomas? ¡¡¡Epa, a este carajo lo botaron de la universidad porque descubrieron que su corazón es rojo-rojito!!!

Estoy perdido, la técnica del carterista que grita ¡agarren al ladrón! ha sido mortal: todos los presentes en La Huerta voltean a verme, y nada de lo que diga les hará cambiar. “No nos simpatizas, siempre nos caíste mal, con razón sospechábamos de ti, es que hasta tienes el fenotipo ..ñoetumadre…” me dicen unos 40 pares de ojos que engullen escocés 12 años y mero poché, que debaten sumamente preocupados lo nocivo que está resultando para los pobres el actual proceso.

No es que no haya politólogos serios y esforzados, con el deseo real de entender lo que pasa con el discurso del sujeto político ‘x’. Pero en algunos casos, como su formación ha sido positivista, descriptiva, no analítica ni prescriptiva, sólo encuestas, caracterización del tipo de régimen desde el punto de vista de las instituciones democráticas formales, un poco de Robert Dahl en Poliarquía y de Guillermo O’Donnell en Accountability Horizontal, no entienden el enfoque de la economía política cuando se centra en los modos de y en la propiedad de los medios de producción.

-¡Ah! Es que tú eres marxista… Con razón… ¡¡¡Epa, este carajo es marxista y está asesorando al gobierno!!!

-No, chamo, la verdad es que yo no he leído todo El Capital, pero algunos otros textos de Marx sí, y creo entender medianamente su propuesta de análisis del fenómeno histórico, cuya alma es la economía, pero con su componente político, es decir, la economía política.

-Pica ahí, que llegaron las chistorritas…

III.- No tenía TV en casa para no distraerme de las lecturas importantes (Internet me parecía suficiente), pero cedí a la tentación de seguir el beisbol de grandes ligas, a mi ídolo Johan Santana, y también la champions ligando que eliminen al Barsa (¡Hala Madrid!) sin tener que ir a la tasca y verme rodeado de 41 o más pares de ojos de pájaros bravos, de manera que conseguí un viejo Sony de los grandotes. No pude evitar la aciaga tendencia de hacer análisis del discurso y de escuchar atentamente las intervenciones de algunos sujetos políticos de genotipo ‘y’ y también ‘x’ que decían y contrapunteaban en un poco en el siguiente estilo:

-Estoy aquí para participar en un seminario de economía social organizado para formar la conciencia de los 250.000 estudiantes de la universidad experimental de la revolución. Aquí estamos en vías de una revolución, que quede claro eso, vamos hacia el socialismo, hacia un cambio en la propiedad de los medios de producción, pura economía política, pues.

Ah no, si el tipo dice economía política pues no, jamás: primero muerto que bañado en Marx.

-Es un laboratorio para el totalitarismo del siglo XXI.

-Empresas sociales, participación accionaria de los trabajadores, superar el consumismo, fortalecer la solidaridad contra el egoísmo capitalista.

-En realidad, estaniña, lo que yo luego de profundas reflexiones he concluido, y quiero que los televidentes me presten mucha atención porque esto es de importancia capital, ya que de entender lo que yo digo depende el futuro de la democracia, es que en Venezuela se ha ido consolidando una dictadura, que tiene legitimidad de origen porque nace de un acto electoral en el que se consultó al soberano, pero que ha devenido en una ilegitimidad de ejercicio, ¿tú me entiendes?

-La crisis económica mundial empezó con los ambiciosos banqueros norteamericanos, y ahora se está expandiendo por todo el mundo, España tiene 4 millones de parados, qué erotismo, caballero…

-En el fondo de todo esto, mi querido amigo, apreciados televidentes, subyace una patología por el poder por el poder, con visos de delirium tremens y una megalomanía que puede sugerir una gran inseguridad sexual…

-Economía política, pues, y el que tenga ojos que vea, y el que tenga oídos que oiga y el que quiera entender que entienda o que se vaya a lavar ese paltó.

-Bueno, me corrigieron en la tasca y me dijeron que no empleara alegremente las categorías del totalitarismo sin haber leído antes a Hannah Arendt en Los Orígenes del totalitarismo (618 páginas en 8vo): pero entonces, luego de una cavilación densa y varios días de insomnio concluyo con Umberto Eco en ese breve y brillante ensayo titulado Ur-Fascismo (15 páginas en 16avo) que se trata de un neofacismo, un neototalitarismo, una dictadura postmoderna maquillada con un pseudo discurso democrático para aparentar ante las instancias de observación internacional que finalmente están comenzando a tener sospechas sobre la democracia venezolana, y este es un proceso que apenas empieza y que no va a parar, eso se lo aseguro a los televidentes: en algún momento Obama nos va a sacar de este peo.

IV.- ¿Qué pasa si nos tomamos el discurso de ‘x’ en serio? Algunos analistas, luego de darse infinidad de cabezazos han reconocido aterrados: ‘Perro, y lo peor es que el tipo siempre anuncia lo que va a hacer.’

Hagamos para finalizar algunas aclaratorias y preguntas analíticas, lógicas:

1.- Para tomarme en serio el discurso de ‘x’ este sujeto político no tiene que ser necesariamente una cacaíta. 2.- Que yo me tome en serio su discurso no significa que lo apoye, a lo mejor quiero combatirlo y me parece –pendejo yo- que saber lo que trae en la bola me conviene 3.- Si me paso toda la vida adivinando la perversidad detrás de cada palabra del tipo, estoy analizando mis prejuicios y poco puedo aportar al debate. El Organon llanerum describiría las preguntas de ese tipo como circulares e inútiles, como preguntar, ‘Mire, cámara, ¿y cuál es la intención del malintencionado?’ 4.- Mi deconstrucción y reconstrucción pragmatista clásica norteamericana sería: ‘Caracha, paisanito: el tipo está hablando de economía política y la oposición no se da de cuenta, y lo peor es que la gente le cree, y el loco ha puesto a un poco más de medio país a pensar y hablar, a discutir y debatir en términos de economía política, ¡…na tan loca!’

De mi deconstrucción y reconstrucción pragmatista salen algunas recomendaciones terapéutico-políticas: a) estudie algo de economía política. Están circulando ediciones populares de “Marx para principiantes” de Federico Riu, en comic, que le pueden servir. Fueron mis lecturas de adolescente cuando me metí en el MAS, antes de Proceso a la Izquierda de Petkoff o las críticas de Bobbio b) dado que hay mucha gente que está hablando en el lenguaje de la economía política, para superarla debe manejarla, o ellos simplemente no lo entenderán, y diga lo que diga le van a gritar ¡Oligarca! c) que ‘x’ esté proponiendo un proyecto con economía política no significa que todo proyecto de economía política sea perverso. Recuerde que muchos analistas, periodistas, entrevistadores y académicos rechazan este enfoque –es una mentira del dictador x’ y no debemos caer en eso- pues no tienen formación en esa área, de manera que perderían el monopolio del discurso mediático si ese tema se abre paso d) no subestime a ‘x’. Massimo Desiato, en una entrevista en El Universal, advertía que ‘x’ tiene discurso, aunque suene tosco y atrasado o sesentoso: lo peor que podemos hacer es responder como lo hizo su rector cuando él le dijo que se debía dialogar con el proceso de ‘x’, y el prelado le contestó: “Ese discurso no es un objeto digno de estudio” d) si los norteamericanos fueran bobos no serían la primera potencia del mundo desde hace 60 años. Si ‘x’ no tuviera discurso, no estaría en el poder ni lo repetirían millones de ‘equivocados, negros, brutos, resentidos’. No piense Ud. como neoresentido, como si fuera una falsa señorita despojada y engañada, usted se lo buscó al votar por él, ahora no llore ni me insulte por decirle que peló gajo, simplemente contribuya con la medicina f) tal vez dentro del discurso de ‘x’ hay cosas buenas que usted, por no querer tomarlo en serio, suenan a bueno y han convencido a millones aquí y fuera del país. Reconocer eso no significa que ‘x’ las vaya a implementar bien o que dejemos de criticar las actitudes autoritarias g) no le dé pena copiar lo bueno de ‘x’, tal vez la gente realmente necesita un discurso de economía política porque, pese a las promesas de Fukuyama luego de la caída del Muro de Berlín, el libre mercado y la democracia representativa a solas no han cumplido sus promesas de bienestar. Si el muro de Berlín se cayó, pues su equivalente ha sido la crisis económica que me tiene pariendo a mí igual que a usted para pagar la renta y llenar la nevera h) ¿y qué tal si usted y su partido o UNG se dedican a proponer una alternativa de economía política llamada ‘yyy’ con la suficiente claridad para convencer a una parte de la población que no está con “nosotros” porque no sabemos o no queremos proponerles alternativas que impliquen economía política porque en el fondo no queremos que nada cambie? i) si lo que está en juego vale tanto la pena, supere sus prejuicios, meta la mano en la llaga o en la basura, haga una ablación de la herida pustulenta y diga: ¿qué pasaría si voy más allá de mi egoísmo, de mis prejuicios y acepto que algo andaba mal y que algo aún sigue mal respecto al ‘nosotros’ opositor al punto que tanta gente aún apoya a ‘x’? j) ¿cómo superar a ‘x’? ¿Con homeopatía o con alopatía? Un clavo saca otro clavo, no hay mejor cuña que la del mismo palo. Sin necesidad de lesionar sus intereses, sin dislocar su identidad, sin tener que aceptar que ‘x’ es un alma de Dios y nosotros unos demonios, se pueda añadir al debate un poco de economía política (Pepe Guerra y Raúl González Fabre lo hacen sin sonrojarse), que de paso nos amplíe el piso a la hora de responder problemas del tipo: cómo vamos a superar la pobreza, cómo vamos a lograr la integración. a superar la polarización que excluye a los opositores –política- y a los pobres –económica y social, qué modelo de desarrollo vamos a construir de cara a los retos del siglo XXI que no son pocos, qué vamos a hacer con el petróleo, con la biodiversidad y el agua que son las riquezas del futuro, cómo vamos a ajustar la educación de cara a lo que ya no va a volver y lo que deje esta tempestad?

Creo que el libro de Rius es sumamente barato entre los libreros y buhoneros.

martes, 20 de enero de 2009

Educar para la democracia


Oscar Reyes

¿Es acaso posible educar a una nación y a sus habitantes en valores y conductas democráticas? La democracia implica algo más que las instituciones políticas de check and balances, la división de poderes, la alternabilidad de los gobiernos y el respeto de los derechos humanos: debe ser una cultura, un modo de comportarse los ciudadanos en todos los espacios sociales posibles, el hogar, el trabajo, la escuela, y un largo etcétera. Si por ejemplo tenemos una constitución que se dice democrática pero en la sociedad las relaciones son asimétricas, familistas, verticales, opacas y autoritarias, se produce una especie de esquizofrenia política que genera mucho malestar e incertidumbre: todo aquel que juegue democráticamente hace el papel de tonto, porque los demás jugarán a la viveza, al arribismo. Los demócratas se convierten en parias, en indeseables que entorpecen los guisos y manipulaciones de los cogollos, gente que sufre mucho y se pregunta, ¿pero por qué si yo juego limpio de manera democrática? Los vivos obtienen victorias temporales y parecen destinados a detentar el poder para siempre, pero a la larga este tipo de sociedades anómicas obtienen muy bajos resultados en sus ejercicios económicos, políticos y sociales que las pueden llevar a crisis cíclicas. De manera que aunque el demócrata parece tonto, resulta que si una mayoría importante juega democráticamente a la larga todos ganan más, incluso los vivos. Las sociedades con larga experiencia democrática –que no por casualidad son las más ricas del mundo- han aprendido esta lección, y realmente juegan limpio, no hay doble discurso ni se trata de bobería religiosa: un país donde todos son una cuerda de vivos se parece a Uganda, uno donde todos son demócratas y tontos se parece a Finlandia, Canadá o Australia.
Una vez que durante su experiencia estos países aprendieron las ventajas de la conducta democrática a todos los niveles, se dedicaron a enseñarla como se enseñan matemáticas o lenguaje. ¿Que cómo lo hicieron? La democracia Moderna más antigua, la de EEUU, no nació como tal, sino como una república de blancos varones: los indios, los esclavos y las mujeres estaban excluidos de los derechos políticos, pero paulatinamente se fueron incorporando al pueblo con derechos, al démos. Sin embargo, esa sociedad tenía una característica que la diferenciaba de todas las de su época: todo era objeto de discusión. A Alexis de Tocqueville en La Democracia en América le maravillaba que el frutero y el banquero que se topaban en la calle se detuvieran a discutir cualquier tópico. Cierto, en ninguna otra parte del mundo un rico banquero alternaba con el vendedor de frutas, y esta es la imagen más popularizada del texto del francés y del estado de la democracia en el país del norte hacia 1835, pero había algo más crucial; todo se discutía, desde cómo trazar una cañería hasta cuáles reformas podrían ser propuestas a referéndum en las elecciones de cualquier estado. Tocqueville calculó que un país donde 13 millones de personas discutían sobre todo lo que hacían en conjunto, en lo público, en la casa, el trabajo o la escuela, era ya de por sí un éxito, y que cuando llegaran a ser 300 millones dominarían el mundo. El filósofo John Dewey retomó la idea de Tocqueville y a la norteamericana la llamó democracia deliberativa, su aspiración era una socialdemocracia sin castas, igualitaria, con respeto a las minorías y sin exclusiones. Lo fundamental, para Dewey, también era la capacidad de deliberar acerca de cualquier problema de interés en la casa, el trabajo o la escuela. A su juicio la expansión y profundización de las conductas democráticas en todos los ámbitos sociales le pondría férreas bases a la democracia prevista por la constitución y las leyes. Fue un paso más allá: trabajó en la reforma de la educación primaria y secundaria en EEUU a principios del siglo XX e introdujo materias como debate en clase, análisis de la constitución, lo que luego se llamó educación cívica.
Al influjo de Dewey, el maestro Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa promovió una reforma en Venezuela que fue conocida como La Nueva Escuela. Fruto de esta sana inspiración fueron los programas de educación social, moral y cívica que se mantuvieron en los programas educativos hasta creo que los setenta u ochenta. Yo, que tengo 48 años, recuerdo esas materias con encanto de cuando estaba en primaria y secundaria, en ciclo básico. ¿Por qué desaparecieron estos pensa? Sigo sin entenderlo; se dejó la formación democrática al medio ambiente social, la familia o los medios de comunicación, que como sospecharán ustedes en nuestro país no son precisamente democráticos. Quienes incoaron esta atroz poda de nuestras ramas democráticas soñaban que la llamada antipolítica iba a terminar por corregir los errores de los partidos y los líderes políticos o peor; que podían llegar al poder sin hacer políticas, es decir, sin trabajar en los partidos, las bases, simplemente pontificando desde los medios de comunicación. Tal vez debamos aprender aún que los problemas de la política sólo se solucionan con más política y los de la democracia con más y mejor democracia.
Asistimos a un auge de la formación política: se vende como autoayuda, dada la crisis. Ello es imprescindible para el futuro, siempre que vender cualquier pacotilla como formación política no sea una variable de la viveza criolla, para vivir sin trabajar. Al menos se ha despertado la conciencia de esa necesidad. Reconfigurar las instituciones políticas para fortalecer nuestra endeble democracia deberá ir acompañado de un enorme esfuerzo para educar en democracia, como lo soñó Dewey: quizás debamos educar para la democracia desde el vientre mismo y hasta la senectud. Es un proceso para toda la vida.

sábado, 3 de enero de 2009

A New Year Letter for my friend Merav Ben Nun in Jerusalem


Dear Merav:
I wish a Happy New Western Year for you and your family in Jerusalem. I understand a little your drama in Israel and theirs in Palestine particularly onto the weakness of the Palestinian National Authority and of the Lebanon state. Using this lack of response capacities by the constitutional forces in both cases, militias like Hamas and Hezbolla can use without control these Palestinian areas as bases, and even the whole Lebanon territory for the rockets attack. And as Israel has a powerful army, there are state ‘reasons’ to react, after advertising them ‘Please stop launching missiles against us’ with not answer, or with the answer of more missiles or suicide attacks. In the other hand Palestine it’s a failed state, thanks to the Britons, and they know nobody in the world will help them to be successful (I think except themselves), or to defeat Israel, supposing erasing Israel from the map is going to improve their lives in the earth, although they believe it happens in heaven when they blast a bomb in a market in Tel Aviv killing dozens of innocents civilians (I know a little the story of Hassam Ibn Saba, The Old Man from the Eagle Nest Mountain and his group of the haxxaxin, the origin of this modality of terrorism and source of the Spanish word ‘asesino’ it is, killer).
It’s a circular and irrational argument for both parts, because both parts have enough reasons to stop but don’t do it. So reasons in strict sense have no much to do in this issue. Of course is true after every road map Hezbolla and Hamas start a new jihad, but is also true that in the moment when all the world felt for a little while the hope of the peace (Camp David Agreement with Clinton as mediator), somebody shot Rabin, or Netanyahu pith in a mosque to provoke a new attack and become Prime Minister.
Well, sometimes I agree with Arendt when she says the Palestinians and radical Jewish don’t know the category of forgiving. They do like Old Athens; after a war, they devastated their enemies, house after house, as you can see in the tragedy ‘The Troy Women’. Romans introduced the ius gens, in order to deal with the foreign territories, as you very well knew during the Christ life in Palestine. It means you don’t destroy your enemies, you win, you reduce the peril and even you can convert their reconstruction in a business for the economy and the democracy, as Americans did in Japan and Germany. Well, this is one of the best heritages this Jewish named Jesus gave us in the Jewish-Christian Western Civilization.
Is there any hope? I think so. The most powerful country in the world now is ruled not by a jerk like Bush but for a man who knows how to negotiate and who knows in his genes the beliefs of the enemies, being a full American Christian and follower of the American creed. I think it can help, because people like Netanyahu would hardly trick with his cynicism to Obama, and at the same time he said Bin Laden should be killed, and at the same time he could get into a mosque with property.
We need now a good prime minister in Israel, at the same level like Obama. It is not so probably in Palestine, Syria or Iran, although believing so could be a kind of superiority complex ‘We can produce state men with this level but they don’t’. I think they can, and I remember people like Edward Said, sharing dreams with Daniel Baremboin. We should add to Obama’s slogan ‘Yes we can’ an appendix ‘And if we can, so can you, and they can too’. To put the felling of moral duty between ‘me’ and ‘us’ at a human rights level with ‘they’ is not an easy task but it’s possible. Sometimes the good guys win, and it happens not only in the movies. OK, Albert Gore lost the Presidency against this you know what named George Walker Bush: but Obama won, in hardest conditions. Even here in Venezuela we –I supposed candidly we are the good guys- had lost 9 strike elections against Chavez, but suddenly the students came out, and we stopped the bad guys in their attempt to join a kind of evil club with Castro, Saddam and Amedinajed. Yes, I know what happens because we are involved too: we –or him the Venezuelan President- are dealing with Iran, the country whose President is trying to produce nuclear devices to finish Hitler’s job against you. It’s disgusting to see all those Iranians in the Caracas hotels in a kind of conspiracy against freedom and peace. We are in focus because we have petroleum, water, and all the resources of the future, so anything that occurs in India or Jerusalem affects us and vice versa. The world now it’s so small…
This year many of the good guys and gals triumphed against the bad ones in the case of Obama versus McCain in US, also here in Venezuela, and we think we are going to win again next year. The same thing can be happening in Syria or Iran with no media coverage. I think so because despair opens minds, and when you don’t see solutions you say ‘don’t shoot, stop!’ You can say it doesn’t happen with suicide fundamentalist martyrs, but not everybody want to be a martyr, many people just want peace and good life. And when this kind of people become majority, nothing can stop them like in the former USSR, no matter the tanks and the nuclear weapons.
Is it happening in the Middle East? I don’t know, but part of our job is to find out that. After so many deceptions in Venezuela I can see clearly this new majority growing up in silence. Media doesn’t help very much in this case because good guys and new majorities are not good for the business: murders, suicide attacks and military offensives give more share and rating in the polls. But as we see the world through of their cameras and they don’t care about the good guys, we should open ours to capture this world there outside.
Is it a dream? Not really: if we Venezuelans are doing it, why not you Jewish and the Palestinians? Democracy and freedom have growth in splendid ways the last century, no matter the prophets of the III World War. Namely a large number of countries define themselves as democracies. It didn’t happen in the Century XIX. Is the moment to achieve a global democracy and a global peace with social justice and ecological concern? It will not happen by itself, it will be possible only if we join the task and work hard day and night educating to foster these new majorities.
I pray for the peace in your city Jerusalem, in your country, in mine, in the world.
Oscar

martes, 25 de noviembre de 2008

What happened in Venezuela on 23N: Some answers to my friend Mariya Ivancheva


Caracas, November 25, 2008


Hi, Oscar
Question: I am trying to understand in a bit more depth what do these election results actually mean for the country. Was the opposition (broadly defined) hoping Chávez might fall under 50% support and now is disillusioned? Or is the fact that Caracas was won by them (you) enough reason for hope? Is Chávez really so positive about his loss as the pro-governmental media show?
Could you enlighten me on these questions, please (and/or if you access some good article/analysis of the elections, please share :)
Thanks
M.

Dear Mariya:
1.- In a pragmatist sense, I want to re-define my language game to differentiate it from the language of your question: Chávez Presidency was not on stake. What he was trying to do –and you follow him when you ask in those terms (even if you didn’t note it)- is to convert the governors and majors elections in a plebiscitary one: ‘If you vote by Ledezma, you are against me and you want Chávez to be killed and out of Miraflores, Oh, poor me!’. This discourse worked during 9 years, and was bought by many international analysts and journalists all around the world: that’s because i.e. the French leftist opinion believe we the opposition are a kind of pro Pinochet fascists. Now you know me and you’ve realized –I hope- that we are deep concerned with democratic values and behavior.

2.- During 9 years the opposition failed into this tricky discourse, saying ‘Vote for me for Major, and Chávez go away!’ When they (we) began to differentiate the issues on stake during the referendum last year, things began to change. The discourse was: Look, this is not personal: Chavez is the President and will continue being so, but here we are discussing a constitutional reform you should be concerned about. What do you think about this article onto the private property? And so on. People voted against the Constitutional Reform Project and not necessarily against the President, not matter what stupid French people we know can say.

3.- Chávez failed in his attempt to convert this election in a plebiscitary one. People made differences: Look, I still like Chávez, but Caracas now is the most dangerous city in the world (300 murders monthly) and we need solutions. The point is Major Juan Barreto and Major Freddy Bernal didn’t take care about this, the point is the President never showed concern with these kind of problems, and neither his candidates. So we need somebody else, people concerned openly and in public with the security claims of the citizens. Do you still love the President? Yes we do, but we need somebody else on charge in my district. Don’t you trust him? Not. But do you love him…? Yes. It may sound irrational and in fact it is. But think about a husband, who is a drunk and irresponsible for his children. Do you still love him? Yes. But do you trust him? Not. This is the terrible feeling you suffer when you are divorcing.

4.- You need to be mature to make this differences, and that’s because we got the majority in the largest cities of the country, there where the insecurity (killings, kidnaps) is the hardest task. So we defeated a particular politics of Chávez; the question for security, the concern for the public services and so on. We left behind the hyposthasys of believe he is the center of the universe (he loves it, indeed) and that the world should be described pro him or against him. We contested against Jessy Chacon, against Diosdado Cabello and against Aristobulo Isturiz en each case: and we won. In the small cities and towns, in the rural areas, they won. This is less instructed people, who cannot make easily a difference between their personal love for Chavez and their public concerns. Also for them the issue of insecurity is not a cornerstone like for us in the big cities. That’s because we won only 5 states, but we got almost 60% of the whole balloons. Largest populations of the country are inhabitants of this 5 States we won: Nueva Esparta, Táchira, Miranda, Zulia, Carabobo and we should include Capital District (Caracas DC). Therefore, the problems of insecurity are strongly affecting these large cities, and it was the focus of our campaign, not the personal figure of the President.

5.- Perhaps the feeling of divorce is becoming a reality, but we shall be linked with the President for a while: the formal separation perhaps will occur in 2012, in the presidential election. It will be very hard for him now to modify the Constitution in order to get indefinite terms. This is good for him and good for the democracy. We are putting check and balances to his office. He recognized this reality, and that’s because of his soft discourse. But he is still the most popular politician in Venezuela (near 50% of support in the last poll I’ve got) and we may not misunderstand the electoral results. I don’t see in this moment a leader able to defeat him in an electoral contest. But perhaps nobody has to, if he accepts the Constitution limits and leaves the office in 2013. Perhaps the contest in 2012 will be Jorge Rodriguez (Libertador’s new Major and the only person the President trusts in) versus Leopoldo López or some other young leader from the opposition. Is Chávez going to insist on his ambition to control the whole political power? That’s not my business. I don’t need him to be an angel: my job is to foster the check and balances institutions to secure our liberties. I hope the opposition left behind the counter–Chavez sick.

6.- Perhaps their governors and majors learned the lesson: not matter what Chávez says, they have to work hard, because the power is given by the people (the people organized is the real and pacific power, something very different from the violence of the State once they loss the power of gathering citizens into a project as Hannah Arendt said) and in consequence, if they want a second term they need the citizens’ support beyond Chavez will. It is going to be a hard reality next year: the budget was calculated onto the basis of a petroleum price near 60US$ per barrel, but now it has fallen under 50. The economic crisis is going to be the main concern next year, as The Economist predicted, and perhaps the occasion for new social struggles. So if we don’t want to disappear like the Titanic passengers we must found some minimal arrangements for governance, between the President, his governors and majors and ours.

7.- Is Chavez losing power in the way of violence from the State and capability to convoke people? Yes, and that’s good because he had too much and that’s perilous, as Lord Acton clearly advertised. So, we the opposition should be no more obsessed with Chávez neither trying to found a new Messiah to defeat him. Just to limit his excessive resources of violence is enough. And the only way we can achieve that goal is working even harder facing the elections next year for the county men and ladies and for the Congress in 2010. Even we should guarantee him a decent way to retire from Miraflores in 2013, if we really are democrats. What about a trial against him for crimes against the Human kind? That’s the dream of the right winged opposition, but is not my concern now. I’m not a jurist. First we have to clear what happened on April 11th, because a lot of people died, but in both sides. I need this true, before to judge anybody.
Receive my best regards.
O.

sábado, 4 de octubre de 2008

Letters to Nowhere (II)





Anth and me, Christmas 2006 at Caracas


On torture
From: Oscar Reyes, Caracas, Venezuela
To Anthea Jones, Canberra, Australia

Dear Anth:
When I said during the chat that I was thinking strongly in you it was not a simple desire to catch your attention: it was something more deep and true. My life has changed radically –in the roots, although perhaps the most of the superficial affaires remain equal- since the moment I moved to Sebucan, very close to Federico's. It's a beautiful house, divided in two; the main residence and an independent extra studio, lovely furnished, were I live. You and Joe, the next time you come to Caracas, please be my guests here, in this small paradise. Here, I recovered my desire to read day and night, to be again a philosopher and to write interesting things. How did it happen and how are you linked with those feelings?
1.- Well, I began to write my dissertation on Rawls vs. Buchanan concerned with the best starting point of view to formulate justice rules, or more accurate, to formulate or reshape political rules (it includes constituent assemblies, reforms, referenda and so on). One of the contributors to the Buchanan point of view is Geoffrey Brennan. So, I have to read Brennan, Buchanan and Rawls. Only for curiosity, I searched Brennan in Google and, where is him? He's at your university in Canberra, in 90% of the possibilities.
2.- The best book on politics I read the last year was 'On Revolution' by Hannah Arendt. Thanks to Federico's advertise 2 years ago, something he said in a conference at Simon Bolivar University –'In this moment in Venezuela we cannot behave like Heidegger, who supported the Nazis and joined the Nazi party himself…'- I joined the Hannah Arendt Counter Totalitarian Observatory in Caracas on behalf of the Andres Bello Catholic University.
3.- Being at the Observatory, one of Arendt's students and her biographer, Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, came to Caracas last year, and I hosted her at UCAB. How can I explain what happened later? I only can say that we became friends. She said 'you have the most trustee feelings I observed in Venezuela' and it ashamed me, for my scare to fall in flatter. You gave me good words too before, saying that I was a brilliant man, after reading me in Spanish. I hate flatter, sorry, and that's because I didn't say my opinion about you: it's very simple, you're the most brilliant Australian young political scientist, and the Australian academy recognized it a little late, because they should give you the fellowship one year before. Federico agrees with me, whenever we remember you. Sorry if I didn't express before my admiration for you, and we only discussed onto the parochial difference between the Australian English or the Yankee English.
4.- Sat at home, watching the squirrel every afternoon comes to my garden, I recovered slowly the notion of the three virtues of the old Romans in times of the Republic, something I learned during my years studying philosophy with the Jesuits, something to make jokes among the students while we were translating from Latin into Spanish De AEternitati Mundi Contra Murmurantes by Boetius of Dacia: gravitas, serveritas and comitas. Gravitas: the sense of the importance and responsibility you must give to the things you're doing in the world. Severitas: the control of your life, the austerity recommended against the dissolution of the banquets, the circus and the corruption. Comitas: the necessary good humor to equilibrate the other two virtues.
I asked to the squirrel (comitas): 'Hey, what if Anthea and Elisabeth are right?' Yes, it sounds like an ego trip, but is not so easy; if you accept this judgment, certainly your ego becomes hardly rejoined. But two minutes later you feel on your shoulders the weight of such a high responsibility (gravitas). Yes, you are the most brilliant young Australian political scientist: so, you have to live being that and in the most of the cases being and doing what is expected from the most brilliant young Australian political scientist: you are the only authorized driver of your life and decisions and you cannot deviate your route from what is expected from you whatever it means (severitas). I have no fear, I accepted my condition many years ago, with an interruption that end nowadays: In this small paradise I recovered the notion that I write very well in my mother language: Cervantes, Borges, Garcia Marquez and all my masters were not red in vain.
5.- At the bookshop, I got Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's 'Hannah Arendt, a Biography'. I smiled and said: 'Hey, that's my friend's book in Spanish' and bought it. It's been an earthquake in my life. In the 530 pages I've red I founded my life explained (or to be understood) in the words of Hannah, in the commentaries of Elisabeth, in the chain of hundred of coincidences hard to explain through rational means. Probably it's an act of faith; one I had no felt since 23 years ago, in Argentina, and that saved my life.
6.- To make a list of those coincidences could be pathetic. A single one:
Date: Thu, 13 Sep 2007 08:52:05 -0400
Dear Oscar --Thank you so much for sending the translation and now the link to the site. Again, I appreciate your work on this, and will be glad to hear what response comes to it. Thank you, too, for sending it to the Observatory people. I had already heard from Federico his appreciation (…) The Nation, where the article was published here, is probably going to conduct an online discussion about Venezuela, which Federico has agreed to participate in. Would you like to join it? The editor at the Nation, Richard Kim, has not been in touch with me about this for several weeks, but when he does write to let me know the arrangements, I could suggest that he contact you if you would like. Let me know.
All the best,
Elisabeth


Date: Fri, 07 Dec 2007 09:52:57 -0500

Dear Oscar –
The Nation online magazine did not have a forum on Venezuela in the last months, as the editor there had suggested; but, suddenly, over last weekend, he asked me for a commentary on the referendum (thankfully, defeated on Sunday) defeat and is now putting together a discussion around my comment --which I had to write very quickly--and four others. If you want to join in, the discussion will open online today. I'd be very glad to read what you think about the situation now, and would like to have had time to consult with you before I wrote (relying a lot on what can be learned from the English language commentaries and blogs, and the New York Times).
Hope this note finds you well (especially your wrist!), and still hope to in haste.
Elisabeth.
7.- Her article was published at The Nation:
Behind the Student Movement's Victory
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20071224/young-bruehl
And my letter as a comment too:
http://www.thenation.com/bletters/20071224/young-bruehl
Yes, it's simply a letter, but: why my first English approach was at The Nation and not somewhere else? Should I add that Hannah Arendt published brilliant articles at The Nation, something I didn't figure out until I red Arendt's biography, wrote by her student Elisabeth Young-Bruehl this week at my retire in Sebucan? Yes, sounds like over interpretation but…
8.- My philosophical formation was on American pragmatism. First, reading Richard Rorty for my MBA dissertation. Later, I studied political science at Simon Bolivar University with Sir Federico Welsch, but my concern is the political theory, and thanks to the Venezuelan academy filled of stupid and arrogant professors I hate to call myself a philosopher one. Exactly the same words Hannah Arendt used to describe herself, as I realized today reading Elisabeth. Just in the moment when you catch me in the chat. This is the same concept expressed by Rorty about himself in an interview. After reading Rorty, I invited through the Fulbright program to a specialist in classic pragmatism to give us a seminar, Thomas C. Hilde, from Maryland University. Thanks to Tom and Andrea Giglio –my Argentina's ex-girl friend- we realized that the pragmatic epistemological program to teach democracy (epistemological circle) is exactly like the one Ignatius suggested, and that is applied by the universities ruled by the Jesus Company, like UCAB. It gave me the chance to find out my PhD theme: the relation between the two projects at America: the Puritans one and the Jesuits one. Both, puritans and Jesuits came to America to build a well ordered and Christian society: a city over seven hills, a New Jerusalem and both built an emporium: the puritans in New England and the Jesuits in the Misiones between Paraguay and Argentina.
After this seminar, Tom and I became good friends, and sometimes we made jokes about our pragmatist intellectual link. Tom studied with Sidney Hook, who studied with John McDermont, who studied with John Dewey, who studied with William James and Charles S. Pierce: it means that we are linked in a relation master-pupil with the fathers of American pragmatism, although as I advertised Tom: 'In my case I'm a kind of bastard, a Latin one with extravagant ideas and influenced by stranger people'. Ah, the jokes in the Freudian sense! Writing this mail to you at 2:30 am (reading and writing day and night) I remembered this mail:
Fecha; 20 de agosto de 2008 18:21
Asunto; Tom Hilde te ha enviado un mensaje a través de Facebook...

'The torture book is basically done. It'll be in print in October. In November, there will be a symposium on the book at the Organization of American States. It's a strange juxtaposition - in some ways, it's a symposium in the belly of the beast.
One of the chapters is dedicated to the torture in Argentina...
9.- By the first time in my life, I said sober and in English what I tried to forget during 23 years, something I never said in Spanish except three of four times when I was hardly drunk and nobody could understand, believe or remember it the following day. 'Alas, my dear friend...! The torture in Argentina! I have a story about that... Something that ruined my youth, something that made me to became a philosopher...'
10.- Arendt's brilliant perceptions caught Kant's acceptation of the radical evil, something you cannot avoid when dealing with real political philosophy, something that accounts when you are trying to frame political rules, as I suggest in my dissertation. Another concept, the banality of evil, was developed in 'The Origins of Totalitarianism', the book Federico commented when advertised me to be not like Heidegger, at the beginning of this story. According to Elisabeth, this concept was fully developed on Arendt's 'Eichmann in Jerusalem'. What was exactly the Eichmann affaire? Simon Wiesenthal, the Nazis Hunter, discovered that Adolf Eichmann was living in Buenos Aires. Many Nazis did it, and submarines, notes, pictures and many others of their artifacts were founded at Argentina. They were accepted by Peron, and Argentina became a kind of sanctuary for them and Chile too. As a counterpart, they trained the Argentina's secret services in torture, execution and many other Nazis totalitarian techniques to control and repress the dissidents. Eichmann was deported and sent to Jerusalem, for a trial (Arendt's 'Eichmann in Jerusalem' analyzes it, when she was sent to Israel on behalf of The New Yorker). When she published some of her opinions onto this and other Jewish questions, one of the most offensives responses came from... Sidney Hook...
11.- Eichmann and the other Nazis trained to the secret services in Argentina in how to destroy peoples' Self, peoples' mind, peoples' lives. They applied it against the leftist dissidents, against people tortured, as Tom's book mention, as Ernesto Sabato's 'Never Again' accounts: people who was tortured, disappeared, murdered, like Andrea's first boy friend Marcelo Colombo, who run to the Buenos Aires Cathedral (she was preparing herself for her first communio) to save her in the moment when the soldiers began to shot against demonstrators at Plaza de Mayo. Marcelo took her hand and they began to run, but suddenly Andrea didn't feel again the physical contact of his hand: 'Run, Andrea, run and go home!' cried him. 'My beloved Oscar, I only remember the yellow sweater and the red color of the blood growing in his back' she said to me crying many times. 'But the worst was at home, when I told my Mom what happened at the Cathedral. No answer, no tears. Marcelo never came back, but the militaries sent to his mother his right hand. Mom, Marcelo's mother received his hand: he's death. And mom answered to me 'There are not disappeared people in Argentina.' This are the methods people like Eichmann taught to the Argentina's secret services, to be applied to simple people like Marcelo whose only guilt was to run at the Cathedral to save a beautiful Argentinian girl he had fallen in love, giving her the hand that later was sent to his mother. Probably Eichmann taught them some other more criminal methods to be applied against brilliant minded people like me in 1985, people whose only guilt was to fall in love for the same beautiful Argentina girl whose father was a bastard who denounced and accused him (me) at the secret services, a guy whose only guilt was to be member of a socialist but strongly democratic political party (the MAS) not in Argentina, but in Venezuela, during the beautiful, blue and shiny days when we loved each other and every street, every coffee at Maracay was a signal of the Paradise to be enjoyed for us, like Adam and Eve… until we had to escape to Argentina because here we were besieged. We were so candid-.. Argentina… Eichmann, the dictatorship… the 'desaparecidos…' all this horror machine was invisible but untouched the first years after Videla, during the Alfonsin presidency. But we didn't know. That's the way I learned in my own flesh the meaning of 'biopolitic', 'torture', 'totalitarianism'. They didn't touch my body: not electroshock in my balls, not kicks with a bat on my knees, although I had preferred it and not what they did: destroy my deepest beliefs, my Self, all my words, all my feelings, all the things I loved, trying to convince me that I was not human but a kind of beast, trying to induct me to cooperate with my own punishment committing suicide, what I didn't do, thanks God.
12.- I survived. With a new Self furnished with the words I could find all around me: philosophers, journalists, poets... I never spoke about this with my friends, and never wrote it in Spanish. I began to do it in English with that comment on Tom's book. Perhaps this story is too heavy for you, my best Australian friend, but I need to tell it to ask your help. As Randall Jarrell said to Hannah Arendt, his mother language was English, but his mother land was the German. My mother Language is Spanish, but my homeland is English. I'll try to write interesting things, but I know they will never publish me in Spanish. So, I'll try to accurate my poor English, like did my (now) Jewish German American philosophical hero Hannah Arendt to write The Origins of Totalitarianism and On Revolution. In comparison with this magna opera, my writings of course are stupid: but is the only I can offer to the world. Randall Jarrell did for Arendt something: he helped her to convert her texts from German thinks simply bad translated into English to English written thoughts. I'll not ask you to translate my texts because I have to write those in English like this letter; but please, just check these and help me to put it in real English thoughts. As a counter part I promise you to be the person that will translate your English thoughts into the most beautiful Spanish words and thoughts you can imagine. I have to translate a short story I wrote years ago and about what I'm very proud: 'Aurelius, at the sunrise...' Yes, a story about the different ways of love in Saint Agustin, just the theme of Arendt's PhD dissertation. It's a Christmas gift for Elisabeth, and a tribute to mother Arendt.
Richard Rorty wrote in Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity:
Pain is nonlinguistic: it is what we human beings have that ties us to the non-language using beasts. So victims of cruelty, people who are suffering, do not have much (to do) in the way of language. That is why there are no such things as the 'voice of the oppressed' or 'the language of the victims'. The language the victims once used is not working anymore, and they are suffering too much to put new words together. So the work of putting their situation into language is going to have to be done for them for somebody else. The liberal novelist, poet or journalist is good at that. The liberal theorist usually is not.

Caracas, September 15th 2008, 5:00 am

Letters to Nowhere (I)



Elisabeth Young-Bruehl at UCAB in Caracas, 2007


From: Oscar Reyes
To: Richard Kim, editor of The Nation

I have to confess that Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's deep article about the results of the Venezuelan referendum moves me to write. As professor at the Andres Bello Catholic University I hosted Elisabeth during her stay in Caracas last June, and introduced her to some of the student leaders at our campus, one of the most active during the demonstrations. Also, as director of the national program of political education at Un Nuevo Tiempo (the largest opposition party), I witnessed the affairs from very close and I want to share my perspective with American readers.
Our victorious struggle was of course led by the students, but around them was a web of political organizations, NGOs, volunteers and veteran political leaders like Teodoro Petkoff, Manuel Rosales, Leopoldo Lopez, Gerardo Blyde and others, who supported our guys and gals everyday and guided them when they were confused.
After the presidential election one year ago, when the opposition recognized Ch&vez's victory for a second term, we began to be perceived in a different way. In the international forums, nobody can argue again that we were involved in a conspiracy to defeat the President--we'd never accept any game outside the democratic rules--although that was the generalized opinion sold by the powerful advertising machine of our government around the world. Sunday night Chávez could do nothing but recognize our victory as we did his one year ago, although Sunday night there was always present the temptation to say: "I don't accept this result." After his final demonstration last Friday at Bolivar Avenue in Caracas, when he said that "even for a single vote of difference, if we win, the reform will continue ahead," it would be very hard for him to say now that the margin of about 200,000 votes favoring the "No" didn't count. We in Venezuela say that the tongue is a punishment of the body.
But you must not misunderstand this result: we defeated the reform proposal, but Chávez is still the most popular and powerful political actor in our country. He will be President perhaps until 2013, unless we organize and win a recall referendum in the mid-term. We do not accept any other way to put him out of Miraflores's Palace.
We reached this victory thanks to the votes of the so-called "critical Chavezism," the persons who still support him but who disagree with the sixty-nine articles of the reform. In popular and very poor Caracas areas where Chávez always won--like La Vega, Antimano and 23 de Enero--the "Yes" lost with huge difference favouring us. We don't have new activists or supporters among these voters: they simply said, "No, this reform will not pass."

Father Luis Ugalde, our rector, wrote a brilliant article in El Nacional last Thursday telling Chávez: OK, man, go to work, go on to govern, you have to fight the insecurity and the violence in the streets, because we have 14,000 violent deaths every year (think that Michel Moore in Bowling for Columbine was so concerned because you in America have 11,000 every year, and think that you are 300 million people and we only 27 million)--go to work, son, because we have to reduce poverty, to recover agriculture and industry, to work very hard for the education and health of our people. It is we who have to make real the second article of the Constitution: "We Venezuelans declare a state of justice, solidarity and peace, based on liberty and the respect of human rights." That's your job as president: to make real those words, son, and not to risk the peace of the Republic with this bizarre project of Cuban-style communism.
I agree with father Ugalde in every word.
Some people, like General Isaias Baduel, are proposing a new Constituent Assembly to put Chávez out of the power. I think it is too early for this. We must try to win the game with the actual rules, although everybody can see the unfair game the congress, the electoral tribunal and the supreme court have played and will continue to play against us. If we proposed a change in the rules, we would be doing the same thing that Chávez did, dividing the country, risking the peace, and he--of course--would beat us, because in that case the proposed Constituent Assembly would be thought not in favor of the country but against him. And if they win the majority of the deputies for this hypothetical assembly, it would be the perfect scenario to reframe again his project of Socialism of the Century XXI.

Baduel is a good General, and he has proved his democratic vocation by helping us defeat the reform project; but I think he's an amateur in politics, it's too early for him to lead the opposition. Baduel still doesn't feel the pulse and times of the political flows, because he's spent his whole professional life on a military base--giving and receiving orders--and not in a political party or in political affairs, trying to convince audiences, negotiating and so on. He sounds like Michael Jordan, when--after being the best basketball player I've ever seen--he tried to play professional baseball; it's a different discipline.
The kind of Constituent Assembly he is calling for is historically destined to frame a nation, like you did in Philadelphia in 1787 and as we did in Caracas in 1999, accepting Chávez's petition. First of all, we have to recover the political institutions framed in the 2000 Constitution. You do not call for a Constituent Assembly in order to defeat a President, even if his or her government is a tyranny. We still have to accumulate strong political capital, rebuild the political professional organizations.
We have declared a pause on behalf of the opposition: It's Christmastime, gentlemen, and now we Christians are going to share these beautiful days with our families, together around the table, with bread and wine, in a celebration of love and peace.
Next year, starting January 23, we'll be calling for a Global Digital Forum to define and think through our proposal of country, of state, based on the ideals of social democracy; since the Socialism of the XXIth Century was defeated, we have to propose an alternative. As Elisabeth pointed in her article, most of us prefer the heritage of the democratic left; and we shall invite thinkers, scholars and political leaders from Spain, Chile, Norway, Germany, and the US too, to achieve together with us this project, this ideology. The forum will be open on the Internet, so any citizen here or around the world can participate, and their ideas can be put in the final document if we consider them relevant, giving these persons full credit. We are a collective; we are not going to build an alternative project to the so-called "Socialism of the Twenty-first Century" with a single and inspired head, to announce it on a Sunday talk-show like he did with the reform project.
We are framing a New Deal, a Third Way, and we've accepted the necessity of keeping our eyes open against any other attempt to diminish our liberties. Our fight, I told Elisabeth during a lunch at the American Ambassador's house in June in Caracas, together with Teodoro Petkoff and Heinz Sonntag, is to educate our people in democratic values and manners, in the way the great American philosopher John Dewey did: resolving problems like poverty, violence and exclusion by themselves--with a little help from a friend, of course. This is the pragmatist way to increase the democratic intelligence of the people, and the best security to keep safe the liberties the fathers of our nation gave us to enjoy and defend.